PURE Study: Should You be Eating More Fat?

I returned from a blissful summer holiday and news about the PURE study dropped before I could even catch up on email:

Ugh. Did you have an eye roll? I certainly did. Here come the hysterical headlines, smug tweets, and questions from confused clients. (Seriously CBC — nice image — was eating more FRENCH FRIES what you got from this research?)

Anyhow, if you missed it, lucky you! I’ll briefly summarize the study and then offer some context.

The PURE Study Headlines

Essentially, researchers followed a whopping 135,000 people living in diverse socioeconomic circumstances on five continents who answered a questionnaire about their diet, for an average of seven years. They essentially found that those who ate the least fat had a higher risk of dying during the study. That’s right, higher. So is all that low-fat diet advice killing us, as yet another outlandish headline suggested?

The PURE Study, Behind the Headlines

As always with nutrition, there’s more to this. First, when people eat less of one thing, they usually eat more of another. A diet low in fat is often high in carbohydrates, and I don’t mean lentils and oats.

These fascinating lists of top five carbohydrate sources for each country feature an awful lot of highly processed, nutrient-poor choices: Foods like white rice, white bread and sugar.

(Aside: Hello, Canada? Our top five carbohydrate sources are white bread, whole wheat cereal, boiled rice, banana, and soft drinks? Hmm…)

Anyhow, it may well be that the abundance of these foods and the scarcity of nutrients in them contributed to the seemingly surprising results.

Let me just paint a picture of the kind of diets were talking about. At the very lowest level of fat (and thus highest of carbohydrate), which was associated with the highest mortality, they were getting about 77% of their calories from carbohydrates. That’s really high! They’d be getting just 23% of their calories from protein and fat. (That’s really low!)

We don’t see that in Canada unless someone is following an extreme diet or experiencing extreme food insecurity. In the PURE study, the vast majority of the people with carbohydrate intakes that high were in China and South Asia. This is less a case for increasing fat in our diets and more an indictment of white rice and poverty.

The lowest-carb group, who were the least likely to die during the study, were getting about 46% of their calories from carbohydrates. That’s almost exactly the Canadian average, about 48%. So we’re not talking about Atkins or Paleo here. Just people eating kind of like we do.

While global nutrition studies are really important, we have to be cautious about extrapolating them to our personal situation. Only 12% of the participants in this study were from the “high” income countries (Canada, Sweden, and UAE). You have to wonder if there are other things going on in countries like India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan that contributed to the findings. It certainly wasn’t cardiovascular disease, which wasn’t associated with the different levels of fat and carbs, with the exception of more fat and saturated fat being linked to slightly fewer strokes (more on that below). Something else is driving this.

As fat intake went up, protein intake generally went up too. That’s an indicator of income, which we know is a driver of better health overall. Researchers do everything they can to account for confounding factors, like poverty and education, but it’s impossible to control for everything.

Big population studies like this contribute to our understanding, but they can’t prove cause and effect. Correlation doesn’t equal causation, right? All they can show is that one thing is associated with another. We have to do more research, ideally randomized, controlled studies, to really understand why.

One other consideration: Drawing bold conclusions based only on fat (or carbohydrate) intake oversimplifies. A low-fat diet could be based on white rice and sweetened tea or chicken breast, broccoli, and quinoa. Obviously, we need to consider food quality vs how much fat (or carbs) to eat.

For the nutrition geeks: If you want to read the original study, it’s here. If you want a more thorough review of the science, this is a good analysis by dietitian Katherine @NutritionWonk. David Katz also wrote a very thorough response.

So does the PURE study “turn nutrition science on its head,” as another silly headline bragged? Nope. Here’s what you can take from this:

PURE Study, Bottom Line

• A moderate amount of fat is fine! This is not new. When I started in cardiac rehab in 2005 we did a literature search while developing a new nutrition class and decided not to make a blanket recommendation to reduce fat. That was over ten years ago. Government nutrition guidelines move much more slowly, but they’re getting there. Health Canada recommends up to 35% calories from fat, which is coincidentally the amount associated with the lowest mortality in this study. That’s about in the range of the well researched heart-healthy Mediterranean diet. So enjoy a little fat, especially from foods that have well-established health benefits, like fish, nuts, and olive oil. Have chicken thighs if you like them better. And no more fat-free salad dressing, okay?
• If you’re eating a lot of refined carbohydrates, think about cutting back. Also not new. How much is too much? Ideally, less than half of your grain products should be white bread/rice/pasta/buns… Aim for less than six teaspoons or so of added/free sugar (25g) a day, including that which comes from juice. If you need help making these changes, ask your family doctor for a referral to a friendly dietitian or mental health professional (if you think emotions might be driving eating).
• This study is not a reason to go overboard and start a low-carb or high-fat diet. Why not? First of all, in case you haven’t figured it out yet, diets don’t work. Their all or nothing mantras lead to cravings and a troubled relationship with food. Secondly, the healthiest people in this study were actually eating the amount of fat and carbs that are is pretty typical in the Canadian diet, so phew, no (very high-fat) ketogenic diet required.
• This isn’t a reason to go out of your way to eat more saturated fat, but you don’t need run from it either. Interestingly, the mortality and stroke data even made saturated fat look (slightly) helpful. Is this “butter is beneficial” wishful thinking or is this “white rice, malnutrition and poverty are harmful”? I talked about this in June when coconut oil was in the news, so I’ll leave it at this: When people switch from saturated to unsaturated fats, heart disease generally drops. (But not when they eat more carbs, consistent with this study.)
• Finally, don’t rely on headlines for dietary advice! Hopefully, you’re convinced by now that headlines like this one are not helpful. (Donuts? Nothing about this study suggests eating more donuts, Twitter!) Remember that controversy sells. You seldom hear about the many aspects of nutrition upon which experts agree. Did you know that on the same day this study came out, another paper from the same study was published, showing that eating more fruits, vegetables, and legumes was associated with living longer? Probably not, because that’s not news is it? By the way, those foods are all rich in carbohydrates. Hmm… fun with nutrition.

In summary, don’t panic, and don’t feel like you need to add fat, unless you were really going out of your way to avoid it. Continue to base your diet on vegetables, fruit, whole grains (in moderation!), legumes, fish, nuts, healthy oils, meat and dairy if you like (also in moderation), and take it easy on the refined carbs, sugar, and processed meat. Cook more, eat out less, and enjoy!

Thoughts, questions? As always, happy to hear from you on the Sweet Spot Facebook page.